A discovery in the basic study of Alzheimer's

( a link between amyloid plaques and Alzheimer's disease )

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Statistics show that the number of Alzheimer's patient in our country has reached 85,000 and roughly increases 20,000 annually. This increasing number of older people is the reason for this stunning development. The most widespread type of dementia in the Western part of the world is Alzheimer's disease, which is a neurodegenerative condition that destroys brain cells little by little. Because of how it changes memory and mental performance, it is considered among the most alarming diseases. The worldwide research into this incurable sickness has increased rapidly in the last 15 years in order to find an immediate examination of this disorder and a more effective treatment. To get more: http://www.associatedcontent.com

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Cranberries and periodontal diseases

A-type cranberry proanthocyanidins (AC-PACs) have recently been reported to be beneficial for human health, especially urinary tract health. The effect of these proanthocyanidins on periodontitis, a destructive disease of tooth-supporting tissues, needs to be investigated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AC-PACs on various virulence determinants of Porphyromonas gingivalis as well as on the inflammatory response of oral epithelial cells stimulated by this periodontopathogen. We examined the effects of AC-PACs on P. gingivalis growth and biofilm formation, adherence to human oral epithelial cells and protein-coated surfaces, collagenase activity, and invasiveness.  The reseahers also tested the ability of AC-PACs to modulate the P. gingivalis-induced inflammatory response by human oral epithelial cells. The results showed that while AC-PACs neutralized all the virulence properties of P. gingivalis in a dose-dependent fashion, they did not interfere with growth. AC-PACs may be potentially valuable bioactive molecules for the development of new strategies to treat and prevent P. gingivalis-associated periodontal diseases. ... http://aac.asm.org

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High blood pressure and risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease
( There are many different factors that affect blood pressure )

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High blood pressure, or what doctors refer to as hypertension, has long been known to increase the risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease and other forms of dementia. To some degree, this is due to the fact that high blood pressure increases the risk of developing heart disease, which is a major risk factor for dementia. However, high blood pressure itself is known to cause subtle damage to the fine network of blood vessels in the brain. Over time this results in inflammation, hardening of the arteries, poor blood flow, and secondary damage to the brain tissue that depends on these blood vessels for a steady supply of oxygen, fuel and nutrients. These insults to the brain increase the risk of Alzheimer's Disease. 

Reducing blood pressure, by diet, exercise, and weight loss, is known to improve the chances of avoiding Alzheimer's Disease. A variety of antihypertensive medications that lower blood pressure have also been found to reduce the risk of dementia. Although treatment of high blood pressure itself reduces the risk of Alzheimer's Disease, recent evidence suggests that certain antihypertensive medications are more effective than others in helping prevent this disease. The mechanisms by which these blood pressure medications act in the brain may determine the degree to which they are able to help prevent dementia. To get more: http://www.huffingtonpost.com

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Cranberries wastes - alternative ingredients

Cranberry pomace, a by-product of the juicing process, may be extruded to produce a range of polyphenol-rich ingredients for use in supplements or functional foods, says a new study.  ... http://www.nutraingredients.com

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Caffein as a protective factor in dementia
( 3-5 cups per day )

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Caffeine has well-known short-term stimulating effects on central nervous system, but the long-term impacts on cognition have been less clear. Dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are rapidly increasing public health problems in ageing populations and at the moment curative treatment is lacking. Thus, the putative protective effects of caffeine against dementia/AD are of great interest. Here, we discuss findings from the longitudinal epidemiological studies about caffeine/coffee/tea and dementia/AD/cognitive functioning with a special emphasis on our recent results from the Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Aging and Dementia (CAIDE) study. The findings of the previous studies are somewhat inconsistent, but most studies (3 out of 5) support coffee's favorable effects against cognitive decline, dementia or AD. In addition, two studies had combined coffee and tea drinking and indicated some positive effects on cognitive functioning. For tea drinking, protective effects against cognitive decline/dementia are still less evident. In the CAIDE study, coffee drinking of 3-5 cups per day at midlife was associated with a decreased risk of dementia/AD by about 65% at late-life. In conclusion, coffee drinking may be associated with a decreased risk of dementia/AD. This may be mediated by caffeine and/or other mechanisms like antioxidant capacity and increased insulin sensitivity. This finding might open possibilities for prevention or postponing the onset of dementia/AD. To get more: http://iospress.metapress.com

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Chocolate may benefit gut health and metabolism

A daily treat of dark chocolate for only two weeks may change metabolism in healthy, free-living people, says a new study from Nestlé scientists.  ... http://www.nutraingredients.com

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Zinc and progression of Alzheimer ’s  

( Zinc balance must be strictly regulated to maintain homeostasis )

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Zinc is a life-sustaining trace element, serving structural, catalytic, and regulatory roles in cellular biology. It is required for normal mammalian brain development and physiology, such that deficiency or excess of zinc has been shown to contribute to alterations in behavior, abnormal central nervous system development, and neurological disease. In this light, it is not surprising that zinc ions have now been shown to play a role in the neuromodulation of synaptic transmission as well as in cortical plasticity. Zinc is stored in specific synaptic vesicles by a class of glutamatergic or "gluzinergic" neurons and is released in an activity-dependent manner. Because gluzinergic neurons are found almost exclusively in the cerebral cortex and limbic structures, zinc may be critical for normal cognitive and emotional functioning. Conversely, direct evidence shows that zinc might be a relatively potent neurotoxin. Neuronal injury secondary to in vivo zinc mobilization and release occurs in several neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, in addition to epilepsy and ischemia. Thus, zinc homeostasis is integral to normal central nervous system functioning, and in fact its role may be underappreciated. This article provides an overview of zinc neurobiology and reviews the experimental evidence that implicates zinc signals in the pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric diseases. A greater understanding of zinc's role in the central nervous system may therefore allow for the development of therapeutic approaches where aberrant metal homeostasis is implicated in disease pathogenesis. To get more: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com

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High calcium intakes improve male survival

Intakes of calcium above the recommended daily levels may reduce the risk of dying from heart disease and cancer by 25 per cent, says a new study from Sweden.  ... http://www.nutraingredients.com

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The use of biomarkers to predict AD  

( Five strategies )

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Intense multidisciplinary research has provided detailed knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). This knowledge has been translated into new therapeutic strategies with putative disease-modifying effects. Several of the most promising approaches, such as amyloid-β immunotherapy and secretase inhibition, are now being tested in clinical trials. Disease-modifying treatments might be at their most effective when initiated very early in the course of AD, before amyloid plaques and neurodegeneration become too widespread. Thus, biomarkers are needed that can detect AD in the predementia phase or, ideally, in presymptomatic individuals. In this Review, we present the rationales behind and the diagnostic performances of the core cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for AD, namely total tau, phosphorylated tau and the 42 amino acid form of amyloid-β. These biomarkers reflect AD pathology, and are candidate markers for predicting future cognitive decline in healthy individuals and the progression to dementia in patients who are cognitively impaired. We also discuss emerging plasma and CSF biomarkers, and explore new proteomics-based strategies for identifying additional CSF markers. Furthermore, we outline the roles of CSF biomarkers in drug discovery and clinical trials, and provide perspectives on AD biomarker discovery and the validation of such markers for use in the clinic. To get more: http://www.nature.com

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DHA contribute to normal brain development of the children

Supplements of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid) may alter the function of the brain associated with working memory, according to results of a new study with healthy boys. ... http://www.nutraingredients.com

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Keep your brain healthy  

( Five strategies )

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Alzheimer's is a devastating brain disease, and the exact cause isn't known. But researchers continue to search for answers. They hope to find better treatments and ways to prevent the disease.
You can't control two of the strongest risk factors for the disease: age and family history. But experts are finding that in fact, lifestyle may play a very important role in who gets Alzheimer's and who doesn't.
You can take steps to keep your brain healthy. These steps may also have other health benefits, such as helping you control your weight, lower your risk of heart disease and live a healthy, active life as you age. Research is ongoing to see if these healthy habits can also prevent or slow Alzheimer's disease. To get more: http://www.fox4now.com

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Omega-3, vitamins, minerals and aggressive behaviour

Supplements of omega-3s, vitamins and minerals for prisoners may reduce the number of violent and aggressive episodes in prisoners, according to a new study from The Netherlands. ... http://www.nutraingredients.com

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The effect of DHA on cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s   

( These compounds are good candidates for the preventive treatment )

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Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that falls into the larger category of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Although many chronic conditions are associated with excessive intake of dietary saturated and trans fatty acids (including obesity, insulin resistance, coronary heart disease, and some forms of cancer), research shows omega-3 fatty acids, including DHA, are essential in the prevention and treatment of numerous diseases. DHA has been shown to be particularly important for fetal brain development, optimal development of motor skills and visual acuity in infants, lipid metabolism in children and adults, and cognitive support in the elderly. In vitro and animal studies also suggest a beneficial role for DHA in certain types of cancer.   To get more: http://www.thorne.com

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The key to antioxidant success

In the third part of our series on antioxidants, NutraIngredients talks to Jeff Blumberg, professor of antioxidants at Tuft University, and finds out why we need differentiation in the antioxidant field. ... http://www.nutraingredients.com

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Alzheimer's disease:  
CURRENT FOOD AND DRUG MEDICATIONS 

( There are only 5 medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat AD. )

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The transition from either epidemiological observation or the bench to rigorously tested clinical trials in patients with Alzheimer's disease is crucial in understanding which treatments are beneficial to patients. 

There are only 5 medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration to treat AD. Four of them are acetyl cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine, and tacrine), and the fifth is the N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist memantine. These medications ameliorate the symptoms and can improve the functioning of patients with AD, but they are not curative, nor do they significantly change the course of the illness. The most widely studied treatments aim to address the neuropathological findings over the last century and focus on acetylcholine, inflammatory markers, amyloid plaques, and tau-based neurofibrillary tangles. In this article, authors discuss some of the drugs that target these and other novel mechanisms and the rationale for some of the most promising new agents, and review recent findings, both positive and negative, in the treatment and prevention of AD. To get more: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com

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The cardiovascular benefits of the dairy peptides

A combination of milk proteins may reduce hardening of the arteries, says a new study from Valio that support the cardiovascular benefits of the dairy peptides.   ... http://www.nutraingredients.com

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A medical food in mild Alzheimer's disease

( the first clinical trial evaluating the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of a medical food )

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To investigate the effect of a medical food on cognitive function in people with mild Alzheimer's disease (AD). A total of 225 drug-naïve AD patients participated in this randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Patients were randomized to active product, Souvenaid, or a control drink, taken once-daily for 12 weeks. Primary outcome measures were the delayed verbal recall task of the Wechsler Memory Scale-revised, and the 13-item modified Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale at week 12. 
At 12 weeks, significant improvement in the delayed verbal recall task was noted in the active group compared with control (P = .021). Modified Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale and other outcome scores (e.g., Clinician Interview Based Impression of Change plus Caregiver Input, 12-item Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Alzheimer's disease Co-operative Study-Activities of Daily Living, Quality of Life in Alzheimer's Disease) were unchanged. The control group neither deteriorated nor improved. Compliance was excellent (95%) and the product was well tolerated. 
Supplementation with a medical food including phosphatide precursors and cofactors for 12 weeks improved memory (delayed verbal recall) in mild AD patients. This proof-of-concept study justifies further clinical trials. 2010 The Alzheimer's Association. To get more: http://www.sciencedirect.com

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The links between EPA and DHA levels and triglycerides and HDL

Intakes of omega-3 exceeding levels consumed by the general US population may significantly reduce the risk of chronic disease, suggests a new study with Yup'ik Eskimos.  ... http://www.nutraingredients.com

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Genetic link between obesity and Alzheimer's

( obese are at risk for Type 2 diabetes )

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An Auburn University researcher has discovered a genetic link between obesity and Alzheimer's disease, which could be the first step in curing the memory-debilitating illness that affects millions of individuals, especially the elderly.
Marie Wooten, associate dean for research and professor of biological sciences in the College of Sciences and Mathematics, found that if a certain protein molecule, called p62, is absent from the brain in mice, they are much more susceptible to Alzheimer's disease.
"When we deleted the p62 gene from mice, unexpectedly they became obese and memory-impaired, leading to insulin-resistance and Alzheimer's-like symptoms," said Wooten, who has been conducting the research for 10 years through support from the National Institutes of Health's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.
"Our work revealed that p62 plays a critical role in receptor trafficking, which supports survival of neurons in the brain," Wooten said. Receptor trafficking is a process in the brain that allows neurons, or nerve cells, to communicate information to each other. Alzheimer's disease occurs when neurons deteriorate and die, causing memory loss. To get more: http://www.physorg.com

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Antioxidants in tea and coffee

In the fourth part of our series on antioxidants, NutraIngredients looks at coffee and tea – two products seen increasingly as functional beverages for their antioxidant content.  ... http://www.nutraingredients.com

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Phytochemicals for the prevention of Alzheimer's disease

( inexpensive and readily available prophylactic agents for AD )

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Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease increasingly recognized as one of the most important medical problems affecting the elderly. Although a number of drugs, including several cholinesterase inhibitors and an NMDA receptor antagonist, have been approved for use, they have been shown to produce diverse side effects and yield relatively modest benefits. To overcome these limitations of current therapeutics for AD, extensive research and development are underway to identify drugs that are effective and free of undesirable side effects. Certain naturally occurring dietary polyphenolic phytochemicals have received considerable recent attention as alternative candidates for AD therapy. In particular, curcumin, resveratrol, and green tea catechins have been suggested to have the potential to prevent AD because of their anti-amyloidogenic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory properties. These polyphenolic phytochemicals also activate adaptive cellular stress responses, called 'neurohormesis', and suppress disease processes. In this commentary, we describe the amyloid-β-induced pathogenesis of AD, and summarize the intracellular and molecular targets of selected dietary phytochemicals that might slow the progression of AD. To get more: http://www3.interscience.wiley.com

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Seaweed extract shows joint health promise

An extract from brown seaweed may reduce the symptoms of osteoarthritis by up to 52 per cent, suggests results from phase I and II clinical trials from Australia. ... http://www.nutraingredients.com

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